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Gomphus clavatus
''Gomphus clavatus'', commonly known pig's ears or violet chanterelle, as is an edible species of fungus in the genus ''Gomphus'', family Gomphaceae. Typically found in coniferous forests right across the northern hemisphere, ''G. clavatus'' is mycorrhizal, and is associated with tree species in a variety of coniferous genera, particularly spruces and firs. The fruit body is vase- or fan-shaped with wavy edges to its rim, and grows up to wide and tall. The upper surface or cap is orangish-brown to lilac, while its lower surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is a distinctive purple colour.
==Taxonomy==
In the 18th and 19th centuries, ''G. clavatus'' was the only recognized ''Gomphus'' species, the type species for the genus. The specific name is derived from the Latin word ''clavi'' (club) and means "club-shaped".〔 In 1796, mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon first described ''G. clavatus'' as ''Merulius violaceus'',〔 the species name referring to the purple-colored hymenium. British botanist Samuel Frederick Gray transferred the species to the genus ''Gomphus'' in 1821.〔 ''G. clavatus'' was later assigned to ''Cantharellus'' by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821, and even later (1886) to ''Nevrophyllum''.〔 Alexander H. Smith treated ''Gomphus'' as a section within ''Cantharellus'' in his 1947 review of chanterelles in western North America, as he felt there were no consistent characteristics that distinguished the two genera.〔
Research combining the use of phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences and more traditional morphology-based characters has resulted in a reshuffling of the species concept in ''Gomphus'';〔 as a result, ''G. clavatus'' is currently considered the only ''Gomphus'' species in North America.〔 Comparison of the DNA sequences of species ''Gomphus brevipes'' and ''Gomphus truncatus'' has shown them to be genetically identical to ''G. clavatus'', and they may be treated as synonyms.〔
It is commonly known as pig's ears, alluding to the violet underside and yellowish cap of the fruit bodies.〔 Other English common names for this species include clustered chanterelle and violet chanterelle.〔 In Nepal in the Sherpa language it is known as ''Eeshyamo'' ("mother-in-law"), as its imposing fruit body is reminiscent of a mother-in-law, who has a dominant role in the Sherpa family.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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